Technology and Colonization Columbus Discovers the New World

Christopher Columbus was a colonizer, pilgrim, and guide. He was conceived in the republic of Italy (Gies, 1995).He was perhaps the best adventurer of the fifteenth century from Europe. He figured out how to finish four excursions over the Atlantic Ocean. He is credited for having found the American continent.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Technology and Colonization: Columbus Discovers the ‘New World’ explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategic the disclosure of the new world was upgraded by the leader of Spain in 1492. He was given three boats, 90 crew members and all the provisions required for him to prevail in his crucial (Gies, 1995). Since he had all the necessities expected to prevail in his strategic, figured out how to cruise over the Atlantic Ocean a few times. As much as he didn't have the foggiest idea where he had landed, he figured out how to arrive at the shores of Florida in 1492. He found the American la ndmass and chose to build up a little province in 14 93 (Gies, 1995). He is accordingly known for featuring the presence of Americas to the Europeans. During this time of Columbus, a few European countries were completely settled. The vast majority of these countries had left on expanding their authoritative reaches through obtaining of new domains (Gies, 1995). Direct colonization was one of the routes through which the Europeans helped their impact. The soul of colonization was improved by the battle for matchless quality and the expanded mechanical headways that were seen in the fifteenth century (Gies, 1995). Regardless, the Europeans had progressed in the boat making abilities. They had figured out how to create immense boats that could convey numerous individuals ready. These boats were likewise ready to voyage on the outside of water for a lot of months (Gies, 1995). This is a significant innovative progression that empowered the Europeans to arrive at far off terrains. Moreo ver, the expanded information in route abilities offered them a premise to propel their undertakings remote countries. They had just comprehended the working standards of the compass. They additionally attracted maps and prepared numerous individuals route aptitudes (Gies, 1995). The accessibility of these assets and the work force made it feasible for the Europeans to build their investigation and revelation of new lands.Advertising Looking for exposition on natural examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The boats were likewise mounted with standards and other war big guns (Gies, 1995). This expanded the security of ocean journey. Global waters got sheltered since the boats could never again be taken by privateers. The firearm and black powder were major mechanical progressions during the fifteenth century. These parts made it simpler for the Europeans to agree and colonize the occupants of the new grounds that were fo und (Gies, 1995). During this time, weapon innovation had been received following quite a while of headway. Weapons were utilized by the Europeans to oversee enormous groups with little quantities of officers. The groups were likewise best in class (Gies, 1995). The utilization of firearm fueled machines expanded effectiveness during assaults. The last were treated as weapons of mass obliteration. The extents of the stone tossing devices were additionally altogether decreased. The stones were additionally supplanted by the tremendous iron balls. This expanded the mass and quality of the balls and accordingly this kind of hardware turned into a fatal weapon during this time. The revelation of the hazardous bombs that permitted leeway of huge territories during the fourteenth century was likewise another mechanical progression that upgraded colonization (Gies, 1995). Taking everything into account, the agrarian transformation that came about into enormous scope cultivating and automat ion of the cultivating rehearses pushed the Europeans to look for additional terrains for cultivating. Also, they required extra increasingly crude materials for their new ventures. Reference Gies, F. Gies, J. (1995). Church building, Forge and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. This paper on Technology and Colonization: Columbus Discovers the ‘New World’ was composed and put together by client Hindsight Lad to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Mergers and acquisitions process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers and acquisitions process - Essay Example Notwithstanding these discoveries, organizations keep on embracing a M&A technique for a few reasons. One explanation is that M&A meets the craving of firms to get by developing. Another is that the offering firm either has free income (and money is top dog!) or needs to get the free income of the objective firm. A third explanation focuses to alleged organization issues between the supervisors of the offering firm and the proprietors of the firm, where administrators need to get a bigger portion of the compensations for facing challenges and dealing with the firm. Another explanation is that administrators of the offering firm are careless and pleased. The fifth explanation is the offering firm may increase a few advantages by actualizing the M&A system that, by assembling two firms, may bring about significant, uncommon, and exorbitant to impersonate points of interest. It can likewise happen that an offering firm observes some concealed wellsprings of upper hand in the objective that contenders don't see or that the administrators of an objective firm either don't understa nd or couldn't transform into a wellspring of upper hand. This is the place a bidder can be advocated for converging with or purchasing an objective firm in light of the fact that the two firms would make an additional bit of leeway (cooperative energy) over different contenders through economies of extension or scale. Executing M&A is troublesome and requests awesome administrators in light of the fact that the way of life of the two firms might be totally different. On account of universal M&A, this methodology might be expensive as a result of contrasts in nation societies (like when Renault of France purchased Nissan of Japan) and would require great administrators to succeed. A perfect crosscountry M&A is one where economies of degree can be picked up without incorporating the distinctive firm and nation societies. Case 3-1: eBay eBay is a pioneer online closeout firm that needed to conclude how to make more an incentive from another system of going into on-line sell off drop-off offering to expand deals. Drop-off offering alludes to selling things online for others, with a merchant or proctor gathering things available to be purchased from the customer or dispatcher. The representative handles the entire posting and selling procedure and afterward pays the returns of the deal to the customer, less the commission. This would catch merchants who have things to sell however who neither have the opportunity nor the persistence to publicize these things on-line. The organization's underlying achievement, based on a first-mover advantage as an on-line closeout site, turned into the establishment for a cost authority development system accomplished by offering low posting charges. During the time spent quickened development in quantities of clients and deals volume, eBay formed into an on-line network that offered unparalleled speed, wellbeing, and security through a successful part input component where clients evaluated each other for each exchange made. eBay's benefits developed by pulling in more purchasers and building the framework expected to help the two purchasers and dealers. Be that as it may, similar to physical shops, eBay's deals were occasional, spiking during the Christmas season yet staying level the remainder of the year. The drop-off selling system, a type of expansion into a related business that would enhance the center business of on-line barters, was intended to build client traffic to its destinations by making it simpler for merchants to list their merchandise and for purchasers to appreciate a more extensive assortment of items to look over. It likewise permitted eBay to execute high worth included things and rival the more settled

Discuss The Factors That Influence The Toxicity Assignment

Discuss The Factors That Influence The Toxicity Assignment Discuss The Factors That Influence The Toxicity â€" Assignment Example > Factors that influence the toxicity of a substance and its manifestations within an organismIntroductionThe production and use of toxic substance has steadily increased within the last decade; nevertheless, there is limited or scant information/knowledge about the risks of these substances to human health as well as other organism. For instance the general knowledge with regards to toxic impacts on freshwater organisms is mostly restricted to average temporary toxicity. Again there is limited information on factors influencing these toxic substances and how they are manifested within an organism (Dabrunz, et al. , 2011). The most important recent as well as near-term issues of medicine is toxicity in organism or ecological systems, particularly because there is no concrete experimental that on unintended  and adverse  effects of toxicity as well as how these can be detected. In spite of the issues  of health and  safety dangers linked to toxicity, there is  a  no important quantit ative analysis  and  empirical data  on risk assessments. A great deal of this is as a result of scientific ambiguity over permanent medical  reactions. If toxicological issues  are to be tackled, the question is how  we tackle these issues in light of no concrete empirical information (Jaipreet, 2008). This paper highlights some of the factors associated with toxicity as well as their manifestation within an organism. Toxicology and ToxicityToxicology can be defined as “the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and amelioration of such adverse effects” (Society of Toxicology, 2005). Toxicity (or hazard) on the other hand, is the inborn ability of an agent to bring about damage. This property will only change if the agent is changed in some way. It will not change with changes in conditions of use or exposure. Factors that influence the toxicity of a substanceOne of the factors is duration of exposure. This can be categorized under three, acute, subacute, sub chronic and chronic. Severe toxicity refers to a cause and an impact that is apparent in terms of days and weeks. Exposure to the chemical substance can either be severe or chronic in a poisoning condition. Severe poisoning usually takes place when a particular exposure causes a direct impact while chronic poisoning refers to impacts found to be following any constant permanent exposure to moderately low levels of the chemicals (Nweke and Okpokwasili2010). Apart from the duration, exposure routes are also very significant in influencing the toxicity of a substance in an organism. The impacts of exposure are significantly determined by the exposure routes usually considered to be air and water pollution, contaminated food, and contact with toxins in both the normal and work surroundings. Some chemical substances, e.g. parathion, are similarly toxic by all three routes of exposure although the most of th em are not similarly toxic by all the three routes of exposure, regardless of the period of exposure. Routes of exposure to direct include contaminated air, water, soil, food, and customers productsFurther, types of an organism/animal or physiology of the organism is very vital. The brutality of a substance's toxicity is the function of its association with the bodily processes of a specific living being. For instance, chocolate is relatively toxic to canines although modestly to other animals. Consumed in very big portions, vitamins too may cause toxicity in humans. Theobromine, a chemical that originates from chocolate, is poisonous to dogs although not to rodents.

Research On Islamic Banking In The United Kingdom - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1907 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This research plan will be a hub of attention to inspect the opportunities of progress and growth as well as the major challenges to Islamic banking in the UK. The UK is the hub of Islamic banking and contains importance in Islamic financial sector due to its fast growing Muslim population. Islamic banking is facing some great challenges in the UK because the financial system is more favourable to conventional banking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research On Islamic Banking In The United Kingdom" essay for you Create order There are greater opportunities in the UK for development and growth of Islamic financial system because Muslim community is eager to take financial products and they are willing to spend their lives according to their religion. There is need to educate the Muslim community toward Islamic financial products; service providers need to improve the information system within the communities and Islamic banking institution is need to work hard for survival and compete with conventional banking system in the sector of regulations and supervisions. The keywords in this research are Islamic banking, Islamic finance, Muslim population, Muslim scholars, Islamic banking growth in the UK and Islamic banking challenges. 2.0 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE According to the figures of Office for National Statistics 2001, there was 1.6 million (2.8%) Muslims living in the United Kingdom but according to Home Secretary the Muslim population is increasing with high growth rate. In just seven years there is an increase of 40,000 Muslims in the UK and figures reached on 2 million which consist of 3.3% of total UK population. There was no any facility available to Muslim community before 2000 but the Muslim population want to spend their lives according to their faith. According to Islamic teaching interest is strongly prohibited in Islam and they want to take banking services such as saving accounts, current accounts, home finances, insurance and loan according to Islamic Shaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢riah law. The United Kingdom is non-Muslim country and all its financial rules and regulation in favour of conventional banking. Because the Muslim community is active part of the UK economy, there was need to start a system which is acceptable to the se people. Islamic banking is started in the UK in 2003 with authorization of Financial services Authority. From 2003 to 2009 there is enough improvement and development in Islamic banking system. Currently two main high street conventional banks and one wholly Islamic bank are involved in Islamic banking services. But Islamic banking institution is still in the growth and infancy stage and Islamic banking is facing different challenges in this Western society such as socially, economically, fund management and regulations. With increasing popularity of Islamic banking in Western countries especially in the UK there are some difficulties in the way of Islamic Shaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢riah law, Islamic banking system as well as the role of Financial Services Authority and UK Government are the critical issues. It is necessary to find out the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in the UK and major challenges are faced by Islamic banking. 3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this proposal is to find out the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in UK and challenges which are currently faced by Islamic banking in the world and United Kingdom specially. The main objective of this research proposal is to investigate the basic understanding of Islamic banking in community and in banking sector because without basic understanding it is difficult to develop this financial system, whether there is any opportunity for growth and development in the UK and which kind of challenges is faced by Islamic banking. The objectives of the research proposal are to: Examine that how important to know the fundamentals for Islamic banking for Muslim community and service providers. Investigate that do Muslims really believe and know the difference between Islamic banking and conventional banking and what are the factors which make Islamic banking prior to conventional for Muslim community. How important in Shaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ riah law and its practise for Islamic finance and the role of Islamic scholars in promoting Islamic banking services and products. 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review illustrates the concept, scope and principles of Islamic banking around the globe in general and specifically in the United Kingdom. Islamic banking is a universal concept in the conventional banking, which is in practice with its many products in most of high street banks in the UK like HSBC, Lloyd TSB and as well Islamic Bank of Britain. 5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY There are two main research paradigms positivistic and phenomenological. It is possible that different authors may use the alternative terms for these main paradigms in different time. The most commonly and alternatively used the terms are quantitative research method for positivistic and qualitative for phenomenological (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The originally the positivistic paradigm was developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena and it is confirmatory and deductive in nature. The phenomenological paradigm was developed in the social sciences to facilitate the researchers to research and analyze social and cultural phenomena and this approach is exploratory and inductive in nature (www.socialresearchmethods). The paradigm is very important because it gives you a right path to use the right methodology. According to Collis and Hussy (2003 p.55) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Regardless of which paradigm you are employing, it is important that you pay attention to all the feat ures, and ensure that there are no contradictions or deficiencies in your methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The paradigm of this research is phenomenological because it tends to produce qualitative data not quantitative. The quantitative research is objective in nature that involves analysis of numerical data by applying statistical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003). But the qualitative research is much more subjective in nature, concerned with generating theories and can be generalized in understanding of the phenomenon of challenges and opportunities of Islamic banking in UK. 6.0 RESEARCH PURPOSE Islamic banking is a hot topic in western countries especially in the UK. In the UK almost 2 million Muslims community is living and they want to spend their lives according to their religion (www.guardian.co.uk). This community is well contributing to the economy of the UK due to this the UK government gives more importance in the sector of Islamic banking. Nowadays the UK is the hub of Islamic banking and most of the high street banks providing the services of Islamic window. Due to this growing demand, Islamic banking faces some difficulties and challenges in western countries. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze the growth and opportunities of Islamic banking in the UK.   7.0 RESEARCH METHOD For this research project, I chose to undertake qualitative research method. The qualitative method is a type of research that emphasizes the quality of meaning in consumer perceptions and behaviours; there are different criteria or techniques can be used in qualitative method such as in-depth interviews and focus groups. The most common qualitative research techniques include: In-depth interview Focus group Case study Direct observation   7.1 Reason for choosing In-depth interview: I chose in-depth interview technique for my qualitative research due to its unique advantages over other techniques such as focus group and questionnaires. In the way of in-depth interviews it is easy to speak to an individual and keep his attention on specific topic comparatively it is difficult in focus group interviews. There is a lot of time saving and reducing the hassles to take an appointment from individual. The main advantage of in-depth interview is that the interviews can be easily conducted with key community leaders through that researcher can get a fast overview of a community according to his requirements. 7.2 Sources of data: 7.2.1 Primary data: This research is based on a study of the UK because growing population of Muslims community is playing positive role for the UK economy. Actually most of the Muslims want to spend their lives according to their faith. In this case study it will be examined that what are the problems and opportunities in the UK for Islamic banking. I will use the qualitative method of research in this project. There are different techniques of qualitative method but according to the situation the in-depth interviews is more suitable form for this project. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) in phenomenological approach the interview questions are unstructured or semi- structured in pattern not closed questions like positivistic approach. The plan is that the researcher will prepare semi-structured questions that are helpful to take maximum information from interviewees because in closed questions it is possible that some important information will be ignored. In semi-structured interviews the rese archer has an opportunity to probe various areas and to raise specific queries during the semi-structured interviews. 7.3 Data collection methods: For the collection of primary data I shall use technique of in-depth interview. The plan is to hold the eight in-depth interviews from different sectors of the society. The researcher will hold four interviews from the banks authorities such as HSBC, Lloyd TSB and Islamic Bank of Britain that will give the clear facts and figures about the growth, opportunities and problems related to Islamic banking with reference to shaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢riah compliance and Governmental authorities. Two with such Muslims who already customer of the Islamic banking which will facilitate the research through providing the information why they did take up Islamic banking, advantages and disadvantages of this system and as well about the scope of Islamic banking in UK. Two with such Muslims that are not using Islamic banking product which will helpful to investigate why they have not taken the Islamic banking product and which factors are stopping them from these services that are according to their f aith. My plan is to speak to non-Muslims that are using the Islamic banking products that will provide the best information for the growth and strong fundamentals of Islamic banking. The planned is to conduct these interviews through sending letters to banking authorities and emails to customer services department of the perspective banks to arrange an appointment. To take interviews from customers and non-customers of the Islamic banking the interviewer will use the posters advertisement in the mosques and libraries in that area where the Muslims are living in majority. The interviews will be recorded using the voice recorder with the permission of the interviewees. If the voice recorder is not possible then the interviewer will take notes which will be summarized with full detail and also these notes will be available on demand for further investigation. 8.0 Research limitations: This research was proposed to be conducted in a very short span of 8 weeks, which forced the researchers to curtail the research from expanding in to a wider spectrum. According to the proposed planned of seven interviews it is possible that there should be some hurdle to get all information from customers of Islamic banking. In the course of research if the researcher will feel to get more widely information about the growth of Islamic banking then mini open ended questionnaires will be conducted. As the research was a part of student project there where huge limitations on financial resources. Lack of financial backup congests the team, which in turn curbed the research team from dilating the research. Conclusion: The purpose of research is to find out opportunities of growth and development as well the main challenges to Islamic banking in the United Kingdom. The primary data which was collected through in-depth interviews is to match with the different opinions of the community members about the scope and future of Islamic banking in the UK. The outcomes and results of these in-depth interviews are matched with aims and objectives of the research.

The Effects Of Sleep Consumed On The Accuracy And Reaction...

This experiment tests how the amount of sleep consumed effects the accuracy and reaction time in college students. The hypothesis states that a participant who received six or less hours of sleep the previous night will have slower reaction times and less accuracy than a participant who received more than six hours of sleep. Participants were broken into two groups (six or less hours of sleep and more than six hours) and asked to identify the color of ink on a flash card. This was a timed test to calculate accuracy and reaction time. The results of the study did not support the hypothesis. It was therefore rejected. According to Marhefka (2001), insufficient sleep reduces cognitive functioning in college student. Sleep deprivation is†¦show more content†¦Method Participants. There were twenty participants involved in this study. Seven were male and thirteen were female. Range of age of the participants was widely varied. Age was not one of the measured variables. All participants were college students or faculty at Arapahoe Community College (ACC). The participants were all selected at random. Participants were found while walking through out ACC. Each participant was given the details of participating in the study; they then made the decision to choose to participate or to decline. Materials. In this study flash cards were used to test reaction time. White 3x5 inch note cards were used. On each note card was written a color word (e.g. blue, black, purple). The color words were written in a noncorresponding colored ink (e.g. word blue written in red ink, word purple written in green ink). A stopwatch on a cell phone was used to keep time of twenty seconds. A flowchart was created to keep order of how many cards were completed correctly and incorrectly. There were thirty-seven flash cards made for this experiment which were kept in the same order throughout the study. On the flowchart, the column furthest to the left contained al the colors of the ink on each card in order. There were twenty additional columns to the right, one for each participant. Procedures. To begin the experiment, participants were asked to report the amount of sleep received the previous night. TheyShow MoreRelatedEffect of Different Music Genres on the Mind6676 Words   |  27 PagesIndividual Research Project FIRST-HAND INVESTIGATION BIOLOGY The Effect of Different Music Genres on the Human Mind: * Concentration * Spatial Reasoning * Short-Term Memory * Reaction Time Timothy Yee Joy TABLE OF CONTENTS Why I chose this topic ............................................................................3 Summary of Prior Research......................................................................4 Appendix of Research and Assessment of Reliability ........Read Moreeffect of stress on students academic performance6787 Words   |  28 Pagesreviewed by the researcher. 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Modernization Theory Free Essays

Like individual â€Å"choices,† modernization or the lack of modernization rarely just happens; they are usually products of powerful social forces.   Hence, I oppose to the statement that â€Å"the effects of international factors and positive effects of traditional culture have no bearing on the lack of modernization.† So, what are my justifications for this decision? Two competing views of the causes of modernization justify my view. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernization Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now    First, modernization theory claims that in the past the entire world was poor and that technological change, especially the Industrial Revolution, has enhanced human productivity and raised living standards.   From this point of view, the solution to the lack of modernization lies in encouraging technological development in backward areas. For these reasons, however, global modernization may be difficult.   Recall that David Riesman portrayed preindustrial people as tradition-directed and likely to resist change.   So some modernization theorists advocate that the world’s rich societies deliberately intervene in poor societies to encourage productive innovation.   First-World nations can speed development by exporting technology to the Third World, welcoming students from abroad, and providing foreign aid to stimulate economic growth (Hall, 1993). Further, modernization theory suggests that the success of these policies has been limited. Even where the greatest efforts have been made, resistance to change has compromised the results.   Traditional people have gained wealth by selling their natural resources on world markets, but only at the cost of being drawn into the â€Å"global village† where concern for money superseded traditional values.   In some societies including Iran and Ethiopia, rapid modernization has set off a powerful backlash from groups that want to restore traditional culture (Parsons, 1986). Modernization theory thus leaves unresolved contemporary dilemma: modernity may bring higher living standards but, in the process, it sweeps a society into the global mass culture of Western pop music, trendy clothes, and fast food.   For example, one Brazillian anthropologist expressed uncertainty about the future of the Kaiapo (native people who inhabit Brazil’s Amazon region): â€Å"At least they quickly understood the consequences of watching television†¦ Now [they] can make a choice† (Simons, 1989:37). But not everyone agrees that modernization is even a choice.   According to a second view, the dependency theory, today’s poor societies have little ability to modernize, even if they want to.   From this point of view, the major barrier to economic development is not traditionalism but the global domination by rich, capitalist societies. In effect, dependency theory asserts, rich societies achieved their modernization at least partly at the expense of poor nations, which provided valuable natural resources and human labor.   Even today, the Third World remains locked in a disadvantageous economic relationship with the First World, dependent on rich societies with whatever manufactured goods they can afford. Continuing ties with rich societies appear likely to perpetuate current patterns of global inequality Parsons, T. (1986). Dependency theory implies that modernization or the lack of it occurs outside the control of individual societies. On the contrary, the fate and fortune of individual nations world-wide is tied to their position in the global economy. Thus, change to improve the plight of people in the Third World will involve corresponding changes in First-World societies. Whichever approach one finds more convincing, we can no longer study the United States in isolation from the rest of the world. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a majority of people in even the richest societies lived in relatively small settlements with limited awareness of others. Now, at the threshold of the twenty-first century, people everywhere are playing out a far larger human drama. The world seems smaller because the lives of its entire people are increasingly linked. Hence, modernization or the lack of modernization is brought about by a number of factors including international factors and positive effects of traditional culture. References Berger, P. 1987. The Homeless Mind: Modernization and Consciousness, Vintage Books, New York Hall, J.R. Neitz, M. (1993).   Culture: Sociological Perspectives.   Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Parsons, T. (1986), Societies: Evolutionary and comparative, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Simons, M. (1989).   â€Å"The Amazon’s Savvy Indians.†Ã‚   The New York Times Magazine (February 26, 1990);36-37, 48-52.   Copywright 1989 by the New York Times Company.                         How to cite Modernization Theory, Essay examples Modernization Theory Free Essays MODERNIZATION THEORY Introduction: Modernization is an inherently optimistic concept for it assumes that all countries eventually experience economic growth. This optimistic must be understood in the historical context of post war prosperity and growth in the north and independence of many southern colonies along with the growth of national markets and trades. The theory of modernization turns out into the high mass consumption and urbanization. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernization Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theory of economic growth is an alternative to Marxist theory. Meaning and history of modernization theory: Modernization theory is a collection of perspective which, while at their most intellectually influential in the 1950s and 1960s. Along with the growth of national markets, made nineteenth century capitalists much more effective and ambitious than any of other forebears; hence the so-called ‘industrial revolution’. Definition of modernization: 1. Modernization theory is the theory used to summarize modern transformations of social life. 2. Historically modernization is the process of change towards those types of social, economic, and political systems that have developed in the Western Europe. Eisenstadt-1966) Theoretical origins of modernization: The theory of modernization has its roots in the ideas of some scholars they produced different theories about the origins, characters, and future path of modern industrial society. Which we can now examine closely: Emile Durkheim: Durkheim proposes that there are two types of society ‘traditional’ and ‘mode rn’ society, which have different forms of social cohesion between their members. The people of the traditional society perform the limited tasks of a simple agrarian community based on group of families and clan in village settlements. Each group though a similar to all others thinks, believes and life styles are relatively self-contained. Its members perform all the required rules of farming, childrearing, social control defiance and so on. Each group is then a sort of segment, a discreet unit in a large society; hence durkheim also called this a ‘segmental’ society. The traditional society is contrasted with the modern society- in whichever increasing numbers and density of the 0f the population. This leads to a more people competing for relatively scarce resources. When competition becomes the fiercest, a social resolution to these problems had to emerge and this creates a gradual increase in social division of labor. Social differentiation occurs as a specialized institution are formed by people to deal with particular need of society such as religious, economic, political, educational and so on. The modern society is more cultured and less rigid and allows more scope for individual frustrations and happiness. Durkheim called this society â€Å"organic society’. Max weber: max weber sought to explain the emergence of industrialization, though he focused his attention on answering why capitalist manufacturing became dominate only in the economy of western. The basic explanation for this occurrence was the existence of cultural processes namely rationalization. Weber suggested this was not an easy or natural form of behavior; one of the important factors that promoted this work ‘ethic’ was according to weber not economic but religious. His beliefs that as western society has developed, more and more of its members act in ways that are guided by the principals of rationality and less by custom of tradition. He sees the coming of the modern era as sciatic birth of individual as a relatively free agent not about by rigid. Walt whitman Rostow: rostow illustrates the concept of modernization per excellence. in his work on economic growth (rostow-1960a; 1960b) the form of growth experience in north are taken as a model for the rest of the world, while economic are situated at different stages of development all are assumed be moving to the same direction. Traditional society is poor, irrational and rural. The take off stage requires a leap forward, based on technology and high levels of investment; preconditions for this the development of the infrastructure, manufacturing and effective government. After this the societies reach a stage of self-sustaining growth, in its mature stage technology pervades the whole economy leading to ‘the high mass consumption, high productivity and high levels of urbanization. This feature includes prenewtonian science and technology. All this typically takes 20 years and rostow attempts to date actual take off of those countries, which have experienced them. (1783-1803) For Britain which was the first followed amongst others, USA (1890-1940), Japan (1878-1900), Russia (1890-1914) and India, china (1950 onwards). Modernization: Modernization was prompted by the decline of the old colonial empires. The third world became a focused of attention by politicians who were keen to show countries pushing for independence that sustain development was possible under the western wings or modernization theory. Trumans speech embodies this initial optimism. Modernization can be described as optimistic because it presents development as a easy process enduring under development is explained in terms of obstacles. Paolo Friers suggests people need to develop political consciousness and the rout to this is though pedagogic techniques of empowerment. Learner(1964) explains the from traditional to modern. Be beliefs that ‘Transitional society’ a society which has the process of cultural diffusion from more advanced sector of the world; been exposed to modernity. For learner the traditional society a society that has defined by what it wants to become, it is empathetic society. Lear said that ‘traditional society’ is not participant; it deploys people by kinship into communities isolated from each other and from a center the bands of interdependence people horizons are limited by local (1964, p-50). In the 1940s and 1950s was the only realistic way for LDC to industrialize. In general then for learner the mare a society exhibits empathy the more it will be engaged in the process of modernization and more likely is be modern. There is a clear mixture of sociological, psychological and economic feature to modernization theory, including for example, reference to value systems, individual motivation and capital accumulation. The critique of modernization theory: There are cultural and intellectual rejections of modernity. The boundaries between low and high culture are broken down. Intellectually post modernism involves and of the dominance of the unitary theories of progress and belief in scientific rationality. Modernization theory has not survived intact as viable paradigms for understanding change and transformation or process of poverty inequality. The theory cannot realistically explain the problem of global inequity and poverty. The principal term of the theory the traditional and the modern are much too vague to be of much use on classification of distinct skeptics. The two terms do not give the way indication of the great variety of society there have and do exist. Although the theory is supposed to be the way of society develops. There is little explanation offered for this problem. This is a serious weakness. Industrialized modern and its attendant’s urbanization weaker the wider kinship system as the people become primarily concern with the nuclear family (will’s 1977). Modernization completely undermines the values of extended family ties (penn-1986). It also derived from salvation among Protestants on important contributory factor in the rise of rational capitalism. The most forceful criticism of modernization theory is that it entirely ignores the impact of imperialism on third world countries. This is a staggering omission. Conclusion: Modernization deals with social change from agrarian societies to industrial ones, it is important to look at the technological viewpoint. New technologies do not change societies by it. Most accounts give greatest priority to the role played by the values, norms and beliefs of people in determining the sort of society – traditional or modern- that they create and thus value changes are the most important conditions for social change. How to cite Modernization Theory, Papers

Robert Menzies free essay sample

Robert Gordon Menzies was Australia’s longest serving Prime Minister. He held the office twice, from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966. Altogether he was Prime Minister for over 18 years – still the record term for an Australian Prime Minister. Robert Menzies was born in Victoria in 1894. He went to primary school in Ballarat, then to a high school at Wesley College in Melbourne. He graduated in law from the University of Melbourne in 1916 and became a barrister in 1918. He debuted in court in an Engineers Case and won in 1920 and established his reputation as a barrister. Menzies’ success in the Engineers’ case brought offers of briefs in the area of industrial law. He was involved in much of the litigation surrounding the ongoing maritime and waterfront disputes of the 1920s. In October 1928 Menzies entered the Victorian Legislative Council, having won a by-election for the seat of East Yarra. Within weeks he was made minister without portfolio in a new minority Nationalist State government, formed when the Labor government had lost the support of the cross-bench Country Progressives. During his early years in parliament, Robert was highly involved in international Nationalist Party matters. In 1920 he helped establish the ‘Young Nationalists’ a group that focus’ on attracting young men into politics. The head of the orginisation welcomed the idea and invited Menzie to join the central executive of the National Federation. Later on the Young Nationalists took over the State Nationalist Party orginisation. Robert then won the presidency of the Victorian National Federation in September 1931. Robert Gordon Menzies was 44 years of age when he was sworn in as Prime Minister for the first time on 26 April 1939. Menzies was in office twice, from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966. During these 17 years he significantly contributed to Australia’s post-war development and prevented the communist threat from reaching Australia; an issue he considerably focused upon during this time. When Menzies started his position as Prime minister, Australia was still recovering from the effects of war. The citizens were in dire need of some stability in life, as well as basic needs such as materials to build their homes and jobs. The 17 years of which Menzies ran as Prime minister are often referred to as the â€Å"golden era† as it was a time with widespread prosperity, a thriving economy and work for all. Menzies contributed to Australia’s post war development by increasing the standards of living for all Australian’s. This was achieved by increasing full-time employment (during this time unemployment was only 1- 3%). The ratio of home owners rose to 75% of the population, which was the result of Menzies introducing the â€Å"Department of Housing†, â€Å"Home Savings Grants Scheme† and housing loans insurance. There was also great progress in industry, manufacturing output, primary industry production and mineral development. Menzies also introduced a number of schemes to benefit the needy, with tax concessions introduced for married pensioners, he introduced free ‘life saving’ drugs, a National Health Scheme, commonwealth scholarships and invalid pensions. However, when Menzies was elected Prime Minister, Australians were still cautious of the communist threat. Therefore during the 1949 election, Menzies promised to outlaw the communist party of Australia. The Communist Party Dissolution Bill was introduced into the House of Representatives on 27 April 1950. This bill made members of the party ineligible for commonwealth employment, holding office in a trade union, or working in a defense related industry. It also made the party and associated organisations unlawful and they were required to dispose their property. This bill was passed without amendment on October 19, 1950. In March 1951 it was challenged in court and voted to be unconstitutional and therefore invalid. Menzies then attempted give the overnment control of the senate, with a referendum to alter the constitution to follow. The coalition returned and gained control of the senate, but the referendum still failed. In the second half of his time in office, Menzies presided over the passing of more key legislation. These laws included: †¢The Broadcasting and Television Act 1956 (Cth), which covered the introduction of television, including the governments control of the A BC; †¢Various banking acts, including the Reserve Bank Act 1957 (Cth), which separated central banking from other functions. Menzies had to wait until he had control of the Senate to pass these laws; †¢The Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 (Cth), which set in place uniform divorce laws; †¢The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 (Cth), which gave Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia the right to vote in Commonwealth elections; †¢The Currency Act 1963 (Cth), which started the introduction of decimal currency; and †¢The National Service Act 1965 (Cth), which introduced a national military service scheme, and was a response to Australias increasing involvement in the Vietnam War. Menzies’ time as Prime Minister secured any worries Australia had about communism and he introduced policies and formed treaties to keep Australia secure. Menzies also transformed Australia to be an efficient and developed society. He increased the standards of living, realised ‘the great Australian dream’ for many and improved the lives of the needy, as well as introducing many other schemes and benefits, to advance Australia’s post- war development. Martin, Allen, Robert Menzies – A Life, Vol. 1, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1993. http://www. edgestudio. com/words-to-time-calculator http://www. parliament. nsw. gov. au/prod/web/common. nsf/key/HistoryWar Author: Unknown, Title: bookrags, URL: http://www. bookrags. com/biography/robert-gordon-menzies-sir /, Date Modified: Unknown Author: ABC (Australian Broadcasting Company), Title: Menzies, URL: http://www. abc. net. au/schoolstv/australians/menzies. tm , Date Modified: Unknown Author: Multiple inputs, Title: Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, URL: en. wikipedia. org , Date Modified: Unknown Author: Michelle Grattan, Title: Australian Prime Ministers, Place Published: Australia, Date Published: 2000 Author: A. W. Martin, Title: Robert Menzies: A Life (volume 1), Place Published: Melbourne, Australia, Date Published: 1993 Author: A. W. Martin, Title: Robert Menzies: A Life (volume 2), Place Published: Victoria, Australia, Date Published: 1993